Theories Discussions

Delayed Lenz Effect

2026-02-14T14:32:04.6370000

A few weeks ago i decided to dive into this interesting subject. I think you all are familiar with this topic and know about the work of Thane Heinz and others.
My approach is similar but i start with some non-complicated math. Goal is to know how much delay a coil system should have to benefit from this effect. Therefore we have to measure the ohms and henry from a coil to calculate the time constant T which plays a key role here.

as we can see, if we shorten the secondary from transformer the time delay gets big. and the force which acts against our primary source dipole loose strength so this is what we want maybe...

For any RL system, the time constant is:

\(
\tau = \frac{L}{R_{\text{total}}}
\)

where:

* \(L\) is the effective inductance seen by the current path
* \(R_{\text{total}}\) is the total series resistance (winding resistance, external resistors, and any equivalent resistive damping introduced by loads or coupling networks)

a bit more of this can be found at: https://aether-research.institute/MSO5000_liveview_doc/delayed_lenz_coupled_inductors/

Negative‑Resistance Behavior of the Diode Plug

2026-01-17T16:01:23.0800000

What "negative resistance" means
In linear circuits, resistance always absorbs real power.
But the diode plug is nonlinear and time‑variant, so there are intervals where it returns energy to the AC source.
When analyzing only the fundamental AC component, this can appear as:

\(
G = \frac{P_1}{|V_1|^2} < 0
\)

A negative conductance \(G\) corresponds to an apparent negative resistance.
This does not violate energy conservation — it is a measurement artifact of nonlinear energy flow.

Why the diode plug behaves this way
The diode plug uses two rectifying branches feeding two capacitors.
Because the diodes conduct only during specific parts of the AC cycle:

- Charging intervals: energy flows from the AC node into the capacitors → positive instantaneous power
- Discharging intervals: energy flows from the capacitors back into the AC node → negative instantaneous power

When averaged and reduced to the fundamental, the returned energy can exceed the absorbed energy at that frequency, producing an effective negative real power.

The diode plug strongly distorts the AC waveform:

- clips parts of the cycle
- injects harmonics
- shifts current relative to voltage

Because the fundamental component is only a slice of the total waveform, it can show a net negative real power, even though the total instantaneous power is always non‑negative.

Thus the device can appear to behave like a source at the fundamental frequency.

The capacitors charge in short pulses rather than smoothly. This pulsed charging makes the device appear more capacitive than a simple capacitor.

The imaginary part of the admittance:

\(
B = \frac{Q_1}{|V_1|^2}
\)

often becomes negative, indicating capacitive behavior.
Increasing capacitance increases:

- waveform distortion
- reactive power
- the magnitude of the apparent negative resistance

---

How the negative resistance is measured:
Voltage and current at the AC node are sampled and transformed via FFT.
The fundamental components give:

\(
Y_{eq} = \frac{I_1}{V_1} = G + jB
\)

Where:

- \(G < 0\) → apparent negative resistance
- \(B < 0\) → capacitive behavior

This linearized model describes how the diode plug interacts with a resonant tank or AC source at the fundamental frequency.

---

The diode plug does not generate energy.
It redistributes energy between harmonics and between the AC node and its capacitors.

When viewed only at the fundamental frequency, this redistribution can look like:

- negative resistance (returning real power)
- negative susceptance (strong capacitive effect)

But the total energy always obeys conservation laws!

Diode-Plug in general

The Aether Field Exists

2024-05-01T22:44:35.9200000

Hi all

Michelson and Morley Interferometer experiment failed due to lack of equipment .

US Air Force repeated the experiment in 1986 and discovered that the field actually exists.

Not only that, The field measured the same way Michelson and Morley predicted. This was published in the journal Nature by the author of the experiment.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g_loyzL9Wi4

And we have the proof, check this pdf, read special relativity part.

At the end we see that they do not need to repeat the Michelson and Morley experiment.

Jagau

Waveform Emergent Mass Theory.

2025-01-12T03:21:52.1870000

I didn't know where to put this but I wanted to put it somewhere anyway because I think its important.

Basically I used ChatGPT to talk about how quantum entanglement works, and started thinking about resonance. I was thinking what if somehow entanglement works by the attributes of the particles resonating together.

Thing is then I started thinking about this and wondered, could it be possible that gravity and at the same time mass are just waveforms that warp spacetime to create what we call gravity and mass?

The thought experiment I played in my mind was comparing 3d space to that of a 2dimensional surface of a pond with raindrops hitting it, the larger the rain drop the bigger the wave pattern in the pond when it hits its surface, the smaller raindrop the smaller the wave pattern.

Ok so I had a visual to kind of explain it, next I delved into the math of it (with chatGPT's help because I'm terrible at math). I used chatGPT to check this theory (chatGPT math could be wrong) but anyway I've been trying to check its math and failing miserably because of the kinds of numbers I'm dealing with (talking decimal places in the trillionths).

Long story short, I had chatGPT run the numbers using the frequencies of subatomic particles and calculated them for Hydrogen, Helium, Lithium, Carbon, Iron, and Uranium. Using my method of calculating the frequencies when compared with the known atomic masses on the periodic table every element I tried ended up having a less than 1% error from the actual atomic masses we know versus my emergent mass via waveform concept.

I even went as far as to scale up iron to compare it to 1gram of iron versus calculating the emergent mass of 1 supposed gram of iron and it still held a less than 1% error. I also did it for hydrogen and it was almost exactly the same. So not only does it work at atomic scales like the atomic masses but it can be scaled up to macroscopic scales such as Grams and Kilograms and maybe even further.

My main problem right now is I'm so bad at math entering these ridiculous numbers with ridiculous exponents into a calculator so makes it very hard for me to fact check ChatGPT's calculations. But the fact that basically any elemental atom I feed it, its always able to get a result that's almost exactly the same as that elements atomic mass.

If this can all be checked it has very profound implications to the world of physics and could even unite the standard model with quantum mechanics, and who knows what else this could help discover if it ends up being true.

Dmitry Nikolayevich Motovilov

2025-10-20T07:34:06.4300000

Biographical Note

Dmitry Nikolayevich Motovilov graduated in 1971 from the Penza Polytechnic Institute’s branch “Plant-VTUZ”, defending with honors a thesis on Research and Development of New Principles of Optimal Control. That work first formulated a concept of general laws of development and design of living and technogenic systems, based on knowledge of technogens and energy-informatics.

In 1989 he completed post-graduate studies at the All-Union Electrotechnical Institute (VEI). His dissertation built upon the 1971 foundations to resolve questions of a unified calculus of information-energy and technogenetics as the synergetics of Kron–Prigogine, and to complete the unfinished bases of the Faraday-Maxwell electromagnetic-field theory.
He developed the theory of DC power transformers, patented as a fundamentally new class of electrical machines discovered through technogenetic methods.

In 1989 his report theses were published in Tokyo at the international symposium YRSI under Prof. H. Kikuchi (Tokyo University), announcing the discovery of a second type of electromagnetic field and the completion of the classical foundations of electrical theory.

In 1996 an independent international jury in Geneva awarded his cycle of electrotechnical works a silver medal, while VEI (the head enterprise of the Ministry of Electrotechnical Industry) received a bronze one in the same category.

Historical Background of the Theory

By 1985 I was driven to develop a new conceptual foundation for the theory of electricity and energy-dynamics (the theory of energy flows) by irreconcilable contradictions within classical science. The discussions of voltage and EMF signs and of power flows in electrical machines revealed deep inconsistencies that, as one engineer wrote, “would require a re-writing of all our textbooks.” Classical physics allowed mutually opposite interpretations of technical phenomena, causing endless disputes among practitioners. Implicitly they awaited a “reform from above,” from the immortal authorities of electrical engineering — but no such initiative could come from the top of a monolithic system.

It became clear that behind these dual concepts lay an entirely unknown physical phenomenon of great scientific and world-view importance, one that could be explored only by individual effort. Other neglected research directions hinted at it: energy-flow “amplification” effects in Fresnel rings and heat pumps, the odd behavior of single-wire energy transmission, and the concealed studies of Faraday’s unipolar generator — all precursors to fuel-free sources. The later developments by A. Sobolev and DC power transformers (STPT) finally broke the monistic paradigm of electromagnetic energy.

Questions also arose about electromagnetic interactions of living systems, the influence of power-line fields on humans and the Sun’s fields on the biosphere, and even the possibility of field-based life forms and extraterrestrial communication. All this pointed to a coming bifurcation of civilization and the need for a new scientific paradigm in energy and technology.

Annotation

This work presents the completed theory of electricity within the Faraday–Maxwell paradigm, extending to the laws of electrical engineering and the concept of energy-flow motion of the second type of electromagnetic field (EMF-II). It formulates the laws of its radiation and proves a set of new fundamental theorems in EM physics. Experimental results are given for DC power transformers utilizing the specific properties of EMF-II, along with a business-plan concept for their production and excerpts from official test reports.

a few days ago i stumbled upon a document which maybe can describe the effects that we can see on resonance circuits or any circuit where the magnetic field exchange energy without the presence of a primary current flow.

The paper is only available in russian language so i decide to translate it and put in a human readable format. When you are interested in such heavy stuff you can read it here

You will find the original file as attachment.

Excerpt

there is also a patent regarding to this subject EP 0639887 A1

have a nice day!

Chaotic Magnetic Pendulum - Free Energy

2024-10-17T01:26:41.1970000

https://youtu.be/FdkI_gYpXlw

A chaotic magnetic pendulum is a unique system that utilizes the unpredictable motion of a pendulum to generate energy. The setup consists of a pendulum with a magnet at its end, stationary base magnets, energy harvesting coils, a pendulum coil (pulse coil), a timer switch, and a single supercapacitor.

Here's a detailed explanation of how this setup works:

1. Pendulum Motion: The pendulum swings chaotically due to the interaction between its magnet and the fixed base magnets. The chaotic motion results from the unpredictable repulsion and attraction between the magnets, leading to a highly irregular and complex movement pattern.

2. Energy Harvesting: As the pendulum swings near the base, its magnet passes through the energy harvesting coils, inducing a fluctuating magnetic field. This fluctuating field generates electricity in the coils, which is then stored in the single supercapacitor.

3. Pulse Coil and Timer Switch: A timer switch is connected to the pulse coil and the supercapacitor. The timer sends a pulse of current to the pulse coil at specific intervals, depending on the desired pendulum motion and energy transfer. The pulse duration and interval are adjusted to provide enough energy to repel the pendulum's magnet from the base magnets while minimizing energy waste.

4. Preventing Sticking: When the pendulum starts to slow down or about to stop, the timer switch sends a pulse of current to the pulse coil, repelling the pendulum's magnet and ensuring continuous motion.

5. Energy Management: The single supercapacitor stores the energy harvested from the pendulum's swings and provides it to the pulse coil during the pulse intervals. The timer switch ensures efficient energy delivery, preventing waste and maintaining the pendulum's motion.

6. Self-Running Potential: With the timer switch controlling the pulse coil and the supercapacitor continuously recharging from the harvested energy, the chaotic magnetic pendulum setup can potentially achieve self-running operation. The system maintains the pendulum's chaotic motion, generating energy and supplying enough power to keep the pendulum swinging and the system running.

The chaotic magnetic pendulum is an innovative approach to harnessing energy from unpredictable motion. The combination of chaotic motion, magnetic interactions, energy storage, and controlled energy delivery using a timer switch creates the potential for a self-running system. However, careful design and optimization of the components and parameters are crucial to achieving the desired level of autonomy and efficiency.

Final Secret of Back EMF explained

2023-08-23T17:19:19.3030000

Hi all

I noticed this guy who makes very interesting videos on BEMF, on YT channel and I wanted to let you know, he's not afraid to express his avant-garde ideas.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6TvkTgjHn2M

Jagau

Electric charges part 1 longitudinal wave propagation

2022-05-21T21:02:09.1200000

This thread is a copy from the proboard forum. As the topic is important for understanding the principals of propagation of electric energy I decided to publish again in the new site. Eventually some details will be corrected by the way.

This thread will be dedicated to longitudinal waves and the related phenomenon's of physics. As an introduction I would like to remind you that the human brain has two hemispheres, each one dedicated to a specific kind of processing information. Nowadays the term knowledge is uniformly associated with the accumulation of information, and it's processing with a kind of binary logic. This capabilities are mostly located in the left hemisphere of the brain, in contrast the capacity to understand by the way of analogies , images and intuition are domains of the right hemisphere of the brain. There is certainly a insane unbalance of this capabilities in the present time, as from early stages of the educational system there is paid attention almost exclusive to the "left hemisphere intelligence", while the other side is left to its own, without any training in most cases. In order to develop the whole potential of our intelligence-knowledge, it is necessary to train both sides of our brain with their associated capabilities, as they are a conjugate pair. This will require some practice and time, but finally it will enable us to gain an integral understanding of the phenomenon's of the physical world and beyond, and transcend the limited "binary logic way of thinking" . This is the reason why we will use analogies of the properties of sound-waves in this topic, as it will help us to get a better visual and intuitive understanding of the electrodynamic equivalents.
First we will have a look at the properties of a sound-wave inside a tube, and analyse the processes in detail.
We will be discussing only the simplest form of waves (called linear waves). Most sound waves behave as linear waves since they produce pressure fluctuations in air that are very small compared to the atmospheric pressure. This will be sufficient for the beginning, as it represents quite good the basic behaviour of our analogy, which will be an electric conductor(long line).
Waves transfer energy without transferring matter.
Let us consider air particles set in motion by a vibrating piston. We can see that the particles (the black dots in the animation below; three of these have been coloured red for illustrative purposes) move back and forth about their equilibrium position, thus creating alternating zones of compression and rarefaction. In the rarefied region, the pressure is less than the normal undisturbed atmospheric pressure, denoted Patm, and in the compressed region, the pressure is greater than the normal undisturbed atmospheric pressure, as shown in the animation below.

As you can see, it is the disturbance which travels, not the individual particles (if in doubt fix your eye on one of the red particles). In sound waves, also known as acoustic waves, the local oscillations always move in the same direction as the wave. Waves like this are called longitudinal waves.
The velocity of a wave in a given medium (air, water, etc) is fixed and is related to the physical characteristics (temperature, density, etc.) of the medium.
But the frequency and thus the wavelength and the amplitude of the difference of pressure are dependent on the source, in our example from the movement of the piston.
For greater clarity, I selected key frames from this animation, which captured the individual stages of the red piston movement and the resulting deformation of the elastic air. Let's analyze them.

Below in the image, the piston (sound source) is on the left (at the bottom dead center) and starts moving to the right with some acceleration.

When the piston moves to the right, air molecules condense in front of the piston, increasing the pressure in front of it (despite the tendency of the molecules to scatter in different directions).

In the upper image the piston continues its movement, forming condensations of molecules in front of it.

In the middle frame the piston continues to move, but already with maximum speed, and the wave of compression of molecules (but not the molecules themselves) in front of the piston continues to grow.

In the lower frame the piston stopped at the top dead center, forming a maximum concentration of molecules in front of it, after which the longitudinal wave, under the action of inertia, continues to move independently along the air channel at a constant speed.

Energy in a PWM

2022-12-06T11:28:55.9330000

Discussion on how to calculate the energy of a square wave or PWM waveform

Not to be confused with an AC square wave which changes polarity.
We are very often confronted with having to take measures that are reliable, this open discussion will surely be able to enlighten us in order to be sure to take the right measures.

First of all I would like to say that to take measurements on a PWM, the oscilloscope is the ideal instrument for this purpose, but it must be well programmed and certain functions are not accessible for all models.

For those who don't know, a DDM will never get the correct measurement from PWM, either for voltage or current. Even if you used a True RMS meter, your reading will not be good, same for a standard DDM.

Some DDMs have the ability to do this but they are rare, this one if found it does not remove the DC offset but most DDM have false measurement. Even my 2 expensive fluke DDMs should not be used for PWM reading. With square waves AC it is correct the measurement will be good.

There are nowadays ways to check with a good scientific calculator, so you can be sure of your measurements, everything is calculated manually too.

Let's start if you want by calculating the energy of a PWM input average power

Jagau

Parametric resonance

2022-11-17T11:18:59.6330000

In this thread we will take a look at the topic of parametric resonance. What is parametric resonance? We know of other kind of resonant systems that they have inherent parameters like capacitance, inductance and resistance to name the most important. Due to these properties the circuit has a certain resonant frequency, in which the inductive reactance (+) and the capacitive reactance (-) are cancelling each other, and only the ohmic resistance remains. The latter is mostly responsible for the Q factor of a resonant circuit. To such a resonant system energy can be added or subtracted by means of magnetic or electric coupling. If no load is connected to the system, a very small amount of energy is sufficient to sustain the oscillations, provided that the losses are kept small. The energy has to be added in phase with the current or potential of the oscillations, depending the type of coupling. So far the conventional resonance, but when we deal with parametric resonance, the oscillations are not sustained by adding current or voltage directly into the resonator. In this case a parameter of the circuit is repeatedly modified, ideally at twice the resonance frequency. Depending on the phase this produces a positive or negative feedback. In the short video below I will show two examples of parametric excitation of a pendulum.

https://youtu.be/s1qVFyYDkmg

Note the subtle difference. These analogy will help us to understand the equivalent electric circuit. We can say that the potential energy of the pendulum is analogous to the electric potential. The kinetic energy is analogous to the current. But there is a third parameter involved, as in every resonant system. In the first example of the pendulum it's length is modified, which corresponds to a change of inductance in an electrical oscillator. In the second example it is not so easy to understand what's going on. The length of the pendulum is constant in this case. The pendulum has a certain mass(Wight). It's potential energy depends on the altitude. But we do not change the average altitude of it, nor its mass obviously. So what is modified? The third parameter, gravity in this case. By moving the whole thing up and down repeatedly, the gravitational force acting on the pendulum is modified during certain parts of the cycle, by adding and subtracting inertial force. As already mentioned the parameter should be modified at twice the resonance frequency ideally. Why is this so? Because the third parameter execute a force of acceleration in our example to the pendulum, regardless if it moves to the right or to the left. It can also be done at the same frequency with the correct phase shift and timing, but much less efficient.(the difference is like pushing the swing in both directions or only in one) In the case of the electric resonator, if for example the parameter of inductance is modified, the effect will be the same regardless if the current is positive or negative. In this context I want to point out a wide spread misconception in electricity, that of negative potential. Electric potential, by the ancient correctly named as pressure( of charges), is always positive. We can again use another analogy to understand. Sound waves in the air. It could be said that they occur as waves of compression and rarefaction of the medium. But the middle line is the average pressure of the atmosphere. Pressure is a scalar value and always positive. There is no pressure lower than vacuum, but towards the positive side there seems to be no limit, other than a change of the state of aggregation. The same can be said for electric charges, there is an average pressure of them on our planet, and this led science to employ the concept of negative potential for values below the average. But there is a limit on the low side, when no charges are present, which also limits the possible maximum energy of a "negative potential"(a wave or pulse of rarefaction), in contrast to the positive pressure of charges still no limit is known. Back to the parametric resonance in electrical systems. It is very difficult and impractical to modify the capacitor or capacitance of a resonant system at a fast rate. But it's relatively easy for the inductance, taking advantage of the nonlinearity of ferromagnetic materials. But there's another way to obtain parametric excitation in electrical oscillators. That is the method used in the so called BTG , in these devices another parameter is modified. There will be hardly found any hints in textbooks in this context, despite that the phenomenon is known (at least partially) by official science. It is the gradient of excitement of atoms. In earlier posts(the thread "concepts of above unity devices": https://free-energy.proboards.com/thread/90/concepts-unity-devices is still on the backup forum, will be imported soon) you can find the description and the analogy of the termo-acoustic resonators, which are parametric excited as well. They can give us a good explanation how the BTG devices likely are operating. No law of energy conservation is violated, and most of it's principles can be explained satisfactory by classical physics.

Electric and magnetic phenomena and the environment

2022-05-14T12:33:45.3400000

Dear readers, since the beginning of my study's of physics and electrodynamics I had a feeling that something was incorrect or missing in the theory proposed in most textbooks. Of course most people are used to recognise the world only from the dense plan of existence, the objects which we are capable to perceive with our senses and doubt about the existence of the invisible, imperceptible. But a few where not satisfied with this, and began to develop means to extend the perception of the senses, apparatus which can be used to explore the universe beyond this limitation. This implicit at the same time to use our mind and our intelligence to process the results with an understandable physical model. It is like seeking the parts of a puzzle, and part by part the picture becomes clearer. Now imagine what would happen, if someone begin to make customized parts for the puzzle, because he couldn't find the genuine parts. The holes would be filled of course, but it would not be helpful to complete the real picture. This introduction should be an inspiration to open the minds for different ideas and models that those proposed in the somehow outdated textbooks. You can ask a physics professor for example: what is gravity, how does it work? Why does a magnet attract iron? If he can give you a reasonable answer, beyond mathematical formulas, I would like to meet him. In the last year's of research I have collected many parts of our puzzle, so in this thread I would like to share my (still incomplete) vision how they fit together.

Litz Wire

2022-05-03T00:28:48.6870000

Litz wire

Litz wire is a particular type of multistrand wire or cable used in electronics to carry alternating current (AC) at radio frequencies. The wire is designed to reduce the skin effect and proximity effect losses in conductors used at frequencies up to about 1 MHz.[1] It consists of many thin wire strands, individually insulated and twisted or woven together, following one of several carefully prescribed patterns[2][better source needed] often involving several levels (groups of twisted wires are twisted together, etc.). The result of these winding patterns is to equalize the proportion of the overall length over which each strand is at the outside of the conductor. This has the effect of distributing the current equally among the wire strands, reducing the resistance. Litz wire is used in high Q inductors for radio transmitters and receivers operating at low frequencies, induction heating equipment and switching power supplies.

How Litz wire works

One technique to reduce the resistance is to place more of the conductive material near the surface where the current is by replacing the wire with a hollow copper tube. The larger surface area of the tube conducts the current with much less resistance than a solid wire with the same cross-sectional area would. The tank coils of high power radio transmitters are often made of copper tubing, silver plated on the outside, to reduce resistance. However tubing is not flexible and requires special tools to bend and shape.

Litz wire is another method, which employs a stranded wire with individually insulated conductors (forming a bundle). Each thin conductor is less than a skin-depth, so an individual strand does not suffer an appreciable skin effect loss. The strands must be insulated from each other—otherwise all the wires in the bundle would short together, behave like a single large wire, and still have skin effect problems. Furthermore, the strands cannot occupy the same radial position in the bundle over long distances: the electromagnetic effects that cause the skin effect would still disrupt conduction. The weaving or twisting pattern of the wires in the bundle is designed so that the individual strands are on the outside of the bundle for a distance (where the EM field changes are smaller and the strand sees low resistance), and are on the inside of the bundle for a distance (where the EM field changes are the strongest and the resistance is higher). If strands have a comparable impedance, current is distributed equally among every strand within the cable. This allows the interior of the litz wire to contribute to the overall conductivity of the bundle.

Another way to explain the benefit of litz braiding is as follows: the magnetic fields generated by current flowing in the strands are in directions such that they have a reduced tendency to generate an opposing electromagnetic field in the other strands. Thereby, for the wire as a whole, the skin effect and associated power losses when used in high-frequency applications are reduced. The ratio of distributed inductance to distributed resistance is increased, relative to a solid conductor, resulting in a higher Q factor at these frequencies.

Examples of skin depth in copper wire at different frequencies

At 60 Hz, the skin depth of a copper wire is about 7.6 millimetres (0.30 in).

At 60,000 Hz (60 kHz), the skin depth of copper wire is about 0.25 millimetres (0.0098 in).

At 6,000,000 Hz (6 MHz) ^[5] the skin depth of copper wire is about 25 micrometres (0.00098 in).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litz_wire

https://www.hflitzwire.com/litz-wire-calculation-and-design/